English Views: 0 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2022-09-05 Origin: Site
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a class of glycosaminoglycans covalently linked to proteins to form proteoglycans. Chondroitin sulfate is widely distributed in the extracellular matrix and cell surface of animal tissues. The sugar chain consists of alternating glucuronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine (also known as n-acetylgalactosamine) disaccharide units, which are connected to the serine residues of the core protein through a glycosyl-like linkage region.
Chondroitin sulfate is found in everything from nematodes to humans, except plants, and plays many important physiological functions. Although the main chain structure of the polysaccharide is not complex, it is highly heterogeneous in terms of the degree of sulfation, the sulfate group and the distribution of the two different types of isomeruronic acid re-chains. The fine structure of chondroitin sulfate determines the specificity of function and the interaction with a variety of protein molecules.
i. Product function
The main way of application in medicine is as a drug for the treatment of joint diseases. It can be used with glucosamine to relieve pain and promote cartilage regeneration, which can fundamentally improve joint problems. Provides a cushioning effect, moderates the impact and friction of movement, draws water into proteoglycan molecules, thickens cartilage, and increases synovial fluid volume in the joint. One of the most important functions of chondroitin is to serve as a conduit for vital oxygen supplies and nutrients to the joints, helping to remove waste from the joints, and removing carbon dioxide and waste products. Since there is no blood supply to articular cartilage, all oxygenation, nourishment, and lubrication come from synovial fluid.
Chondroitin sulfate has a protective effect on corneal collagen fiber, which can promote the growth of fiber in the matrix, enhance permeability, improve blood circulation, accelerate metabolism, promote the absorption of osmotic fluid and eliminate inflammation. Its polyanion has strong water retention, can improve the water metabolism of corneal tissue, has a strong affinity for the cornea, can form a layer of breathable water retention film on the surface of the cornea, improve eye dry symptoms. By promoting the formation of stroma, it provides a framework for cell migration and facilitates the migration of corneal epithelial cells, thus promoting the healing of corneal wounds, the absorption of exudate and the elimination of inflammation.
Through the high-tech processing, can treat neuropathic headache, trigeminal neuralgia, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, myocardial ischemia, disease of heart head blood-vessel, joint pain, atherosclerosis and hepatitis syndrome, the CS also has anticoagulant and the effect of resisting thrombosis, can also be used to hearing impairment caused by streptomycin and aid in the treatment of liver function damage and aid in the treatment of hyperlipidemia.
It can be used as an additive in health care products and food, and has the function of enhancing human body constitution and anti-bacteria, beauty and anti-aging. Improves hearing and dry skin. In the body can inhibit the absorption of lipid and glucose in the small intestine to achieve weight loss.
ii. Pharmacological effect
CS is widely found in human and animal cartilage. Its medicinal preparations mainly contain chondroitin sulfate A and chondroitin sulfate C two isomers, the content of chondroitin sulfate in the cartilage of different breeds, ages and other animals is different. Its pharmacological effects are as follows:
a) CS can remove lipids and lipoproteins from the blood in the body, remove cholesterol from blood vessels around the heart, prevent atherosclerosis, and increase the conversion rate of lipids and fatty acids in cells.
b) CS can effectively prevent coronary heart disease. It has the effect of anti-atherosclerosis and anti-atherogenic plaque formation in experimental arteriosclerosis model. Increased coronary branching or collateral circulation of atherosclerosis and accelerated healing, regeneration, and repair of myocardial necrosis or degeneration caused by experimental coronary atherosclerosis or embolization.
c) It can increase the biosynthesis of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and promote cell metabolism.
d) Low anticoagulant activity. Chondroitin sulfate has A mild anticoagulant effect, and each LMG chondroitin sulfate A is equivalent to 0.45U of heparin anticoagulant activity. This anticoagulant activity is independent of antithrombin III and can be exerted through the fibrinogen system.
e) Chondroitin sulfate also has anti-inflammatory, accelerated wound healing and anti-tumor effects.
iii. Clinical application
Long-term clinical application has found that the deposition of fat and other lipids on the wall of arteries and veins can be effectively removed or reduced, can significantly reduce plasma cholesterol, thereby preventing the formation of atherosclerosis.
Chondroitin sulfate is used in the treatment of neuralgia, neuropathic migraine, arthralgia, arthritis and scapular joint pain, pain after abdominal surgery, etc.
Prevention and treatment of streptomycin caused by hearing disorders and various noise caused by hearing difficulties, tinnitus, the effect is remarkable.
It has adjuvant therapeutic effect on chronic nephritis, chronic hepatitis, keratitis and corneal ulcer.
Chondroitin in shark cartilage has anti-tumor effects. In addition, chondroitin sulfate is also used in cosmetics and wound healing agents. Chondroitin sulfate is an acid mucopolysaccharide, is one of the important components in the eye tissue, has the ability to promote corneal water metabolism and improve, suitable for vision fatigue, dry eye.
iv. Improve bone quality
By increasing the supply of chondroitin sulfate, the body's own regulation mechanism is inhibited, bone sclerosis is reduced, tight and flexible bones than fragile bones, volume is reduced by 10%, strength is greatly enhanced. Especially facial contour, not easy to deformation or expansion aggravated, tissue adhesion improved. The outline of the skeletal process is reduced, and the young state is restored.
It is important to take chondroitin when taking glucosamine because chondroitin promotes glucosamine infiltration into the joints. Several studies, including one published in the New England Journal of Medicine, have shown that combined glucosamine and chondroitin are more effective in protecting, reversing damage, and promoting repair of articular cartilage and membranized bone.
Inhibit enzymes that destroy cartilage (e.g., COLLagenase, elastase, and cathepSIN) so that cartilage does not break down or dissolve.
It can go to the root of the problem and inhibit COX-2 activity to stop joint inflammation.
Clinical research
Efficacy and indications:
Anti-blood lipid drug. It is mainly used to treat hyperlipidemia. The clinical application of chondroitin sulfate includes :
a) Chondroitin sulfate, as a health food or health care drug, is used in the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, coronary atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia and other diseases. It has no obvious side effects and can significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality of patients with coronary heart disease.
b) Chondroitin sulfate is used in the treatment of neuralgia, neuropathic migraine, arthralgia, arthritis and scapular joint pain, pain after abdominal surgery, etc.
c) Prevention and treatment of streptomycin caused by hearing disorders and various noise caused by hearing difficulties, tinnitus, etc., the effect is significant.
d) It has adjuvant therapeutic effect on chronic nephritis, chronic hepatitis, keratitis and corneal ulcer.
e) Chondroitin sulfate is also used in cosmetics and wound healing agents, etc.
f) Chondroitin sulfate is also used in eye drops. [Chemical composition] It is an acidic mucopolysaccharide extracted from cartilage tissue of pig throat bone, nasal bone, trachea and so on. This product contains hexosamine to glucosamine (C6H13O5N) calculation, not less than 24.0% of chondroitin sulfate labeled amount.
